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Googles in the standard teardrop design, with aviator-style clear glass lenses, olive green painted aluminum frames with rubber eye sockets, each of the eye sockets stitched to the framework of the googles, each of the frames have five ventilation vents along the top and bottom edges, the frames linked together by an aluminum nose bridge with a dual screw fit adjustment, maker marked "O.W." (O.W. Wagener & Co., Rathenow) on the reverse of the nose bridge, ribbed olive green elasticized headband strap with sliding metal fit adjustment buckle, elongated loops with hooks attaching the headband to the frames on either side, the googles themselves attached to the frames by small metal clips which also act as locking clips to secure the lenses in the frames. Accompanied by two pairs of glass lenses encased in felt sleeves, one of the pairs is clear, the other is tinted dark green for protection from the sun, along with a glass lenses cleaning cloth. The googles, additional lenses and cleaning cloth come in their cardboard box of issue, the box marked in handwritten black ink "Woock" on the lid, stamped with the "O.W. Wagener & Co. Rathenow" maker mark in black ink on the underside of the lid, a floating divider in the box separating the goggles from the additional lenses and cleaning cloth, the box dual-slotted on both sides. Scattered paint chipping on the frames, oxidation evident on the nose bridge, the rubber having hardened with age but is intact. Near extremely fine. Footnote: Early First World War pilots in military aircraft soon discovered that appropriate protective flight goggles were a necessity, due to the cold, sun glare and the all too frequent occurrence of oil leaking into the slipstream and covering the pilot. Originally the German military was caught unprepared and no specific protective goggles for pilots were available, which resulted in the pilots utilizing commercially produced or captured enemy protective goggles. Early in the war, the Carl Zeiss optics firm of Jena developed specific protective flight goggles that became the standard pattern for other manufacturers. Further improvements and refinements of assorted protective flight goggles continued in the inter-war years and by the start of the Second World War, there were no fewer then nine types of protective flight goggles available and nine main manufacturers including, Carl Zeiss, Ernst Leitz, Phillip Winter, O.W. Wagner, Nitsche & Günther, Knothe, Cellowaro, Bauer, Uvex and Auer.Shipping Notes
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4.8 ★★★★★
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 5
Helpful and informative
Format: Kindle
Four Views on the Book of Revelation (Counterpoints: Bible and Theology) edited by Stanley N. Gundry and C. Marvin Pate
I read this book after previously reviewing Revelation in Context: John’s Apocalypse and Second Temple Judaism. That book was helpful for me to understand Revelation as apocalyptic literature, one example of the genre with similarities to others from the first and second centuries. Interpreting Revelation as apocalyptic literature is itself a choice, and some approaches to Revelation, such as classic dispensationalism with its emphasis on grammatical-historical hermeneutics are skeptical of that approach. As Thomas writes in his chapter “To understand any passage of Scripture in a nonliteral way violates principles of grammatical-historical interpretation unless contextual features signal a need to interpret otherwise” (p. 244). I found Revelation in Context helpful for introducing various apocalyptic books of the age in providing greater context for Jewish thought up to and after John wrote Revelation.
The editors of Four Views provide a good overview of the four views presented as well as a good introduction to Revelation. The four authors and their positions are:
Kenneth L. Gentry, Jr. (preterist)
Sam Hamstra, Jr. (idealist)
C. Marvin Pate (progressive dispensationalist)
Robert L. Thomas (classical dispensationalist)
Each author made a case for his position and responded briefly to points by the other authors. Thomas is the most insistent in his argument and spends the most time critiquing the others’ positions. The differences stem entirely from their hermeneutics, each has a different approach to the book and each calls “foul” with the others’ misuse or lack of consistency of their own hermeneutics.
For me, the winner was the preterist position, as I’d never truly been exposed to this paradigm. The author allows it to speak for itself, and I found it appealing because of how well the events of 68-70 AD as described (mainly) by Josephus line up eerily well with the words of Revelation. In some cases, it seems Josephus is quoting Revelation, which made me wonder whether the authors had taken liberties with the actual translation of Josephus’ works. After reading Gentry Jr.’s view, reading Revelation with a preterist’s viewpoint in mind made it a completely different book for me. Whether the position is correct or not, it allowed me to read Revelation again for the first time, so to speak– that was a gift.
Thomas drove home for me that classical dispensationalism demands a special place for the ethnic people of Israel including a rebuilding of the temple along with its sacrifices. Babylon on the Euphrates is literally the Babylon of old and must also be rebuilt, which he interprets to be a Persian/Iranian empire that will come to fruition again. I think I can see how this view is at long last falling out of favor.
Some of the writers may be somewhat heterodox. Gentry, for example, leaves open some possibilities for partial preterism or has some reasoning other preterists don’t have. Thomas is appalled at progressive dispensationalism’s “now and not yet” mentality as violating rules of grammatical-historical interpretation. Pate leaves the door open to Revelation having an earlier authorship and more sections being fulfilled in the first century than Thomas allows. Hamstra is in a field of his own, the “idealist” position sees Revelation as purely symbolic and not specific to any time period– everyone undergoing persecution is experiencing the spirit of the Antichrist, etc.
Since reading this book, I’ve been checking out podcasts on preterism while pondering how covenantalists I know seem to sound like progressive dispensationalists.
I am glad this book was published and will check out similar works in this series. Five stars.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 6, 2026
★★★★★ 5
A Little Gem
Format: Paperback
This little book is a wonderful resource for teachers, pastors, and all who want to gain a better understanding of the book of Revelation. The introduction by Marvin Pate is a real gem. It gives a helpful (and sometimes humorous) overview of the various positions expounded in the remainder of the book, and it offers a valuable apology for the study of prophecy. He points out that neither fanaticism nor the neglect of biblical prophecy is a healthy option for the follower of Christ.
The heart of this volume is the presentation of four common interpretations of the book of Revelation. Kenneth Gentry does a nice job of presenting the preterist position, which is normally linked to postmillennialism. This position found a resurgence in the late 1980’s and 90’s after being on the brink of extinction. Gentry gives a good deal of historical information from Josephus’s Jewish War to bolster his interpretation of Revelation, yet questions remain. Do the atrocities of which Josephus writes reach the global proportions mentioned in Revelation? In addition, do the many passages quoted in support of a glorious earthly kingdom really affirm a postmillennial kingdom? Finally, the preterist position articulated by Gentry necessitates a pre 70 AD date for the composition of Revelation. While this is not impossible, it is improbable, as most NT scholars hold to a post 70 date.
The idealist view is ably defended by Sam Hamstra. The idealist view is often associated with amillennialism and has a long history stretching back to Augustine. It sees Revelation as a representation of the ongoing battle between good and evil. It denies a chronological and literal reading of revelation. The real value of this position is that it excels in bringing out the timeless theological truths which are embedded in Revelation. These truths can provide hope and encouragement for saints of any time or place. However, it does seem questionable whether Revelation was intended to be read in a nonchronological manner. The other difficulty is that it tends to strip Revelation of historical specificity. By saying that the prophecies of Revelation can apply to any age in general, one comes close to saying that they apply to no age in particular.
The final view is that of premillennialism, which is represented by both a classical dispensationalist and a progressive dispensationalist. The two views have much in common as they both read Revelation more literally than the other two positions, and both see chronological progression in the book of Revelation. Robert Thomas defends the classical dispensationalist approach by stressing a literal hermeneutic and a chronological reading of Revelation. Marvin Pate represents progressive dispensationalism which synthesizes many of the positive features of the other three views while still maintaining a distinction between Israel and the church. One of the key elements of progressive dispensationalism is the emphasis on “pattern prophecy”. This understanding of prophecy allows for the repetition of prophetic events throughout history with escalating levels of fulfillment. Classical dispensationalist writers include John Walvoord, Dwight Pentecost, and Charles Ryrie. Progressive dispensationalism is represented by Darrell Bock and Craig Blaising. While dispensationalism is grounded in biblical soil, some would question whether it does justice to the highly symbolic and figurative language of biblical prophecy, and whether those prophecies should be seen as referring to actual future events that will occur in a chronological progression.
This book is especially helpful when comparing eschatological systems and how they influence the interpretation of the book of Revelation. If one is looking to study the book of Revelation, this is a great place to start.
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Reviewed in the United States on November 3, 2013
★★★★★ 4
Great insight into each view, but disappointing format
Format: Paperback
The Zondervan Counterpoints series prides itself in giving known advocates of specific views a place to exposit their positions on various theological topics while also giving other positions an equal opportunity. This work continues to shine in that department. Each view was given enough space to give a general outline of the book of Revelation as well as a defense of their specifically preferred view.
Each essay was very well done and gave a fair reading of the views that were included. However, it was very disappointing to see that unlike most other books in the series, this one did not have specific sections for each author to respond to the other views. There was some interaction via footnotes about the other essays, but the book would have been much better if each author had been given an opportunity to interact with the others.
Reading the other reviews, I noticed lots of disappointment with the lack of including the historicist position. I share that disappointment, but would be hesitant to agree with the reviews that insisted there were only three views presented. The two dispensationalists included in the book had radically different approaches to hermeneutics. There were genuinely 4 views presented.
Finally, I have noticed many of the reviews on here tend to give the book fewer stars based on their preferred view either not being there or because other views were perceived as so obviously wrong as to deserve attack. I give the book four stars because I think each presentation was an accurate, thought-provoking look at the view presented. It is disappointing that the historicist view was not included. It was also disappointing that the authors had little interaction other than the footnotes. But overall, if you want a book introducing major views on the book of Revelation, this is a good one to pick up.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 28, 2013
★★★★★ 5
History
Format: Paperback
Smart people book about end time.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 18, 2026
★★★★★ 5
Pick your favorite interpretation
Format: Paperback
A good way to see 4 different interpretations of one prophetic book.
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Reviewed in the United States on July 31, 2025